Nursing Home And Law Essay Example for Free

Nursing Home And Law Essay A report from the United Press International last December 19, 2007 reveals that between 2000 and 2006, there has been a significant increase in the number of serious reprimands for dangerous conditions among nursing homes in the United States. The report indicates that part of the reason to the increase is the rigorous enforcement of activities in handling patients. It has also been reported that citations of physical or sexual abuse of patients as well as insufficient medication have a significant role in the increase (Barbee, 1991). The issue of the increase in the number of serious reprimands has a strong relationship with the nature, sources and functions of the law. The increase in the number of causes for the serious reprimands have a large share in analyzing the legal measures relevant to the reprimands and preventive measures taken. If the number of causes are decreased or totally removed, then there is strong reason to believe that the reprimands will also be loosened as much as the situation requires. The known way for putting a decline to these reprimands is through the law. Apparently, the law does not only look after the serious reprimands; it also looks after the causes for these reprimands as we shall see (Barbee, 1991). Analysis In its entirety, the law seeks to provide security for the welfare of the people. It does not seek to promote an unfair advantage nor does it seek to jeopardize the lives of individuals regardless of age or gender. A large number of patients in nursing homes are the elderly who are nearing the dawn of their lives. Given their physical status, one cannot find it reasonable to handle the elderly with rashness or with rigorous enforcement of activities (Murtaugh, Kemper and Spillman, 1990). On the contrary, the elderly should receive TLC—tender, loving care. If there are no existing laws which specifically sanctions these behaviors, then it is about time that the legislative agenda of the nation include concerns for the elderly in nursing homes. Moreover, should the law zero-in on the issue pertaining to the handling of the elderly in nursing homes, the law should make clear any exclusion to the rule or other exceptions that may be granted. Otherwise, the legal sanctions may apply to cases which may not necessarily be attributed with the intention of causing more harm than doing any good to the elderly patient. For instance, the law should make it clear that there are cases where the family of the patient decides to give the employees or doctors of the nursing hospital full control of the situation of the patient (â€Å"Serious nursing home violations rise,† 2007). In certain extreme cases where the patient is unable to make rational decisions and where the family has very minimal or little knowledge on what best suits the patient, doctors are given the power to decide what is best for the patient. In this process, it is not impossible that the patient may be harmed. The law should also acknowledge the fact that there are also cases where the patients themselves are the cause of the harm that they experience. As hospital administrators, however, the employees and staff of the nursing hospitals have the responsibility to ascertain that the patients are safe from external harm and from harming themselves. Yet the probability of instances where patients cause harm to themselves is not far behind. For the law to address these possibilities, it should be narrow enough to pin down precise cases yet broad enough to encompass cases where negligence on the part of the hospital administrators can be charged and filed as a peripheral case (Barbee, 1991). Further, the law should also be clear in defining the terms involved, such as what counts as ‘rigorous enforcement of activities’ or what is to be classified as ‘proper nursing care for patients’. Although interpretation of the law, especially during court proceedings, has become integral in the due process of the law, it cannot be the case that there can be no coherent interpretation of what the law and its sanctions imply or the reasons why laws for nursing homes were or will be created. On the contrary, the very fact that a law is created indicates that it has its purpose, and legislators of such a law most likely know the purposes behind the legislation of these laws. Unless the very purpose of the law regarding the treatment patients receive in nursing homes become clearly defined or sufficiently explicated, several inconsistencies and vague pronouncements are most likely to follow (Murtaugh, Kemper and Spillman, 1990). Why is there the rigorous enforcement of activities in handling patients in nursing homes in the first place? There are many factors that can be considered. First, it can be the case that the staff of the nursing home may be new and unfamiliar with the ethics in professionally handling the needs and medications of the patients. Second, the employees may have a limited knowledge on the physical condition of the patient or on the sickness of the patient. Third, the records of the patients may have indicated that the patient needs certain types of activities without specifying the frequency of the activity. Lastly, the nursing home might be lacking in terms of advanced medical equipment and other medical machines. And to compensate for such a ‘lack’, the nursing home administrators may have reverted to increasing the amount of activities above normal (â€Å"Serious nursing home violations rise,† 2007). Why is there a need for laws which cover sanctions for certain ways of handling patients at nursing homes? Part of the reason to this is the observation that there are nursing home employees who take advantage of their patients in many ways; one having been reported is physical or sexual abuse. The laws provide a means not only to proscribe certain behaviors from nursing home employees but, more importantly, to draw the fine line between professionalism and abuse of work responsibilities. Conclusions and further remarks It is a fact that a number of laws are first proposed in the legislative body of the government. But even more basic to this is the fact that a number of these proposals come from the demands of the people such groups that as lobby for laws which can directly affect their cause (Barbee, 1991). Certain tends in the contemporary society can also prompt the legislative body of the government to create laws which address these trends. For instance, the massive boom of immigration in earlier times led numerous countries to pass laws which control immigration of individuals. As for the increase in the number of cases pertaining to the rigorous enforcement of activities in handling patients, it is no wonder that there has been a corresponding increase in the number of serious reprimands for dangerous conditions among nursing homes. The United Press International report divulges the critical increase in the number of serious reprimands for dangerous conditions among nursing homes in America (â€Å"Serious nursing home violations rise,† 2007). The rigorous enforcement of activities in handling patients has an undeniable contribution in the increase although what remains debatable is the question of whether the existing laws have enough coverage over the ways in which nursing home employees take care of their patients. The citations of physical or sexual abuse of patients as well as insufficient medication are clear indicators that the problem in nursing homes is real and requires attention from the legislative body of the government. The nature, sources and functions of the law have a role to fit in the case of the patients situated in many nursing homes in the country. The increasing number of patients in nursing homes is perhaps the strongest indicator that, while the nation may lack solid efforts in surmounting patient-related incidents of harm, the law is yet to efficiently and effectively be put into action. References Serious nursing home violations rise. (2007). Retrieved January 20, 2008, from http://www. upi. com/NewsTrack/Top_News/2007/12/19/serious_nursing_home_violations_rise/9034/ Barbee, G. C. (1991). The Nurse, the Nursing Home, and the Law. The American Journal of Nursing, 61(8), 84-86. Murtaugh, C. M. , Kemper, P. , Spillman, B. C. (1990). The Risk of Nursing Home Use in Later Life. Medical Care, 28(10), 952-962.

Tectonic Activity :: Papers

Tectonic Activity The continents of the world are all separated by different tectonic plates which when collide is called Tectonic Activity. There are different forms of tectonic activity and different processes and landforms, which are involved during and as a result of the collisions. As and when these collisions are going to take place we can't determine because current technology hasn't allowed us to dig as far into the earth to the point of pressures which causes the plates to collide. These pressures are believed to be eruptions of liquid magma deep inside the earth. The plate tectonic theory was first proposed in 1915 by a man named Alfred Wegener, who was one of the first to identify that the continents of earth look like they fit together in a jig saw puzzle, but what separates him is the fact he suggested that the earth had separated over a period of time, introducing the future theory of plates. As Wegener had no explanation of why the earth's crust had separated many geologists turned against his ideas, these people were called anti-mobilists. The only evidence that was proved to help Wegener's theory was that palaeontologists had found fossils of similar species on different continents, which suggests that the same species were once on the same area of land with the only explanation being that they had been separated by the motion of land. As years passed more and more evidence was uncovered to support the idea of plates move constantly over time. After the Second World War seismometers were installed into the earth and showed that

Exploring Methods Of Coast Protection Environmental Sciences Essay

A stipulation for a successful shoreline Restoration undertaking is that all the parties involved have some apprehension of the coastal morphological procedures. They are so in a place to understand why the present state of affairs has developed and why certain solutions will work and others will non. The followers should be considered in connexion with shoreline protection and direction undertakings: See the coastal country as a dynamic natural landscape. Make lone intercessions in the coastal procedures and in the coastal landscape if the involvements of the society are more of import than continuing the natural coastal resource. Appoint particular subdivisions of the seashore for natural development. Demolish inexpedient old protection strategies and re-establish the natural coastal landscape where possible. Minimise the usage of coastal protection strategies, give high precedence to the quality of the seashore resource, and concentrate on shore protection. Continue the natural fluctuation in the coastal landscapes. Restrict new development/housing close to the coastline in the unfastened uninhabited coastal landscape. Allow merely such installations, which require entree to the sea. Maintain and better the public entree to and along the beach, lawfully every bit good as in pattern. Reduce pollution and enhance sustainable use of coastal Waterss. This leads to the practical guidelines for shore protection in connexion with seashore protection, shore protection and shore Restoration undertakings. They are mentioned in the following paragraph. Work with nature, for case by re-establishing a starving coastal profile by nutriment and by using site-specific characteristics, such as beef uping semi-hard headlands. Choose a solution which fits the type of coastline and which fulfils as many of the ends set by the stakeholders and the governments as possible. It is rather frequently impossible to carry through all ends, as they are frequently conflicting and because of budget restrictions. It should be made clear to all parties, which ends are fulfilled and which are non. The adviser must do it wholly clear what the client can anticipate from the selected solution ; this is particularly of import if the undertaking has been adjusted to suit the available financess. Propose a support distribution, which reflects the fulfillment of the assorted ends, set by the parties involved. Manipulate the rate and gradient of the littoral impetus rate and gradient by usage of a minimal figure of constructions. Preserve subdivisions of untasted dynamic landscape where possible. Let protection steps merely if valuable buildings/infrastructure are threatened. This policy will continue the natural coastal resources and the neighbouring subdivisions will have stuff as a consequence of eroding in the unprotected country. Secure transition to and along the beach. Enhance the aesthetic visual aspect, e.g. by understating the figure of constructions. Few and larger constructions is usually better than a batch of little constructions. Preferably allow merely undertakings which deal with an full direction unit/sediment cell and which have maximum shore protection. Individual undertakings tend to concentrate on seashore protection. Minimise care demands to a degree, which the proprietor ( s ) of the strategy is able to pull off. A stand-alone nourishment solution may at first glimpse appear ideal, but it will usually non be ideal for the landholders, as recharge will be required at short intervals. Secure good local H2O quality and understate the hazard of pin downing dust and seaweed. Secure safety for swimmers by avoiding constructions bring forthing unsafe rake currents. Avoid protected beaches as these give a false feeling of safety for hapless swimmers. Protected beaches at exposed sites tend to endure from sand pin downing in the sheltered country. If the H2O is excessively unsmooth for swimming, a swimming pool, perchance in the signifier of a tidal pool, is a good solution. Provide good beach quality by procuring that the beaches are exposed to moving ridges, as the moving ridges maintain the attractive sandy beaches. This will of class limit the clip when swimming is possible, but doing protected beaches frequently means safety jeopardies, hapless beach quality and hapless H2O quality. Be realistic and matter-of-fact, maintaining in head that the natural untasted coastline is utopia in extremely developed countries. Create little attractive locations at otherwise strongly protected stretches if this is the lone realistic possibility.Overview of Types of Coast Protection, Shore Protection and Sea DefenceProtection of the seashore and the shore against the erosive forces of moving ridges, currents and ramp rush can be performed in many ways, and protection of the seashore and the backwoods against deluging adds even more types to the protection defense mechanism steps. The pick of the step in a given state of affairs depends on the three primary conditions: The job ( coast eroding, beach debasement or implosion therapy ) The morphological conditions ( the type of coastal profile and the type of coastline ) The land usage ( infrastructure/habitation, diversion, agribusiness etc. ) Some of the steps have chiefly one map, which e.g. is the instance for a revetment. It protects the seashore against eroding, but aggravates shore eroding. Beach nourishment, on the other manus, protects against seashore eroding every bit good as against shore debasement.Management of the seashoreDune stabilizationFrom Coastal WikiJump to: pilotage, hunt Dunes are a natural coastal characteristic on reasonably exposed and exposed seashores. Dunes are formed by the sand, which blows inland from the beach and is deposited in the country behind the coastline.BackgroundDuring storm rush events, the pes of the dunes can be eroded but the dunes act as a really flexible buffer zone, which protects the backwoods from eroding and implosion therapy. The scoured stuff supplies stuff to the littoral budget understating the general eroding along the full subdivision of shoreline. During the storm and besides during more normal events, sand will be transported inland, sometimes in connexion with the formation of air current back streets in the dune row. After the storm, the damaged dune will bit by bit be built up once more, possibly somewhat more inland. This means that a dune Acts of the Apostless as a natural flexible seashore protection and sea defense mechanism steps. It moves backwards parallel with the gnawing coastline and at the same clip it maintains its signifier and volume every bit good as a broad beach. This is a natural quasi-equilibrium state of affairs. The eroding of dunes as a consequence of a terrible storm rush is besides referred to as dune eroding. However, the natural balance will switch if the dune flora is damaged by croping or if beach-users, etc. bring forth excessively much traffic, etc. This may do the dunes to degrade ensuing in loss of the protection provided by the natural dunes. At the same clip the sand blowing inland causes assorted sorts of harm. Consequently, governments usually tend to protect dunes by modulating their usage. In some instances governments have been really eager to protect the dunes by seting marram grass and puting fascines in the air current back street to pin down the sand. ( Fascines are the placing of pine or titivate subdivisions ) . This has, in some instances, resulted in a complete repair of the dune place and an unnatural growing in tallness. Consequently, the flexibleness of the natural dune is lost ensuing in a gradual disappearing of the dune due to eroding, whereby the protection, provided by the natural dune system, is lost.MethodFig. 1. Marram planting and the placing of spruce fascines in air current back streets ( Danish Coastal Authority [ 1 ] ) . Planting marram grass and puting up spruce fascines for caparison of sand and sweetening of dune build up. Larger wind back streets can besides be filled unnaturally anterior to seting. However, as mentioned above, the protection should non be so comprehensive that it wholly fixes the dunes. Newly planted flora in peculiar can be strengthened by utilizing fertilizer. Restrictions for their usage can besides protect the dunes. Croping in dune countries is prohibited in most states, and governments frequently limit public entree. Such limitations may modulate the traffic in the dunes, e.g. by forbiding motor traffic. Different options are paved walk-to transitions in countries near parking tonss and fencing delicate freshly planted countries.Functional featureDune stabilization is a sustainable protection step, heightening the natural protection ability of dune countries. It protects against moving ridge and storm rush onslaught and at the same clip it preserves the natural coastal landscape, if performed reasonably. Dune stabilization requires a planned and coordinated attempt.ApplicabilityDune stabilization is applicable on all coastal types where natural dunes occur. This is particularly the instance on reasonably exposed to exposed seashores with perpendicular to really oblique moving ridge ( air current ) onslaughts, types 1M to4M and 1E to 4E . Artificial dunes are besides used as a sea defense mechanism construction.Cliff stabilizationFrom Coastal WikiJump to: pilotage, hunt Coastal drops can be unstable due to the combined consequence of several factors, discussed in this article along with methods to brace them.BackgroundCoastal drops can be unstable due to the combined consequence of several factors, such as: Erosion of the pes of the drop caused by wave action and storm rush Skiding or weathering of the incline due to geo-technical instability. The eroding of the pes of the drop usually initiates geotechnical instability, but the sliding/collapse can be of different nature depending on the geo-technical conditions of the incline. There are fundamentally three different state of affairss: If the stuff is non-cohesive stuff, the weathering of the drop ailment usually occur at the same time with the eroding of the pes as a talus formation, which is the aggregation of fallen stuff organizing a incline at the pes of the drop. If the stuff is a mixture of clay, silt, sand and bowlders, such as in the instance of moraine boulder clay, the incline can be really steep for a period due to the cohesive forces, but the incline will finally fall in. Smaller or bigger fractions of the drop will fall in connexion with groundwater force per unit area, frost impact or general weathering, or by skiding. Skiding will particularly happen in connexion with groundwater force per unit area. If the stuff consists of fictile clay or silty clay, the prostration of the drop will be in the signifier of slides, which can travel far behind the top of the drop. Weathering of the drop by air current conveyance of sand. This will be most marked if the drop stuff is sand ; nevertheless, besides exposed drops dwelling of other types of stuff can be eroded by sand blown over the drop from the beach.MethodThe basic cause of cliff instability is usually the marine eroding of the pes of the drop, extenuation of this is covered under the protection method: Revetment. Installing the revetment will except farther eroding of the pes, but at that phase the incline of the drop may really good be so steep that enduring and sliding may still happen. This can be counteracted by the undermentioned agencies: Artificial smoothing of the incline, if there is adequate infinite at the pes every bit good as at top of the drop for this. This will antagonize future uncontrolled weathering and sliding. Smoothing of the incline by make fulling with farinaceous stuff at the pes of the drop. This requires that there is sufficient infinite at the pes of the drop for the filling. Establish a flora screen on the drop. This can best be done by following the above-named smoothing of the incline. Good flora protects against enduring and groundwater ooze, and thereby to some extent against skiding Drain of groundwater. This can be used if the drop suffers from skiding due to high groundwater force per unit area and hapless drainage conditions. Horizontal and perpendicular drains can be used every bit good as the ordinance of the surface overflow. Cliff inclines are frequently aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"protectedaa‚ ¬A? by dumping miscellaneous rubbish, such as subdivisions etc. , over the drop. It is a bad aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"solutionaa‚ ¬A? because it does non halt the hazard of skiding. On the contrary, it spoils the flora and thereby increases the hazard of skiding.Functional featureCliff stabilization presupposes that the pes of the drop has been stabilised. Stabilization counteracts the natural behavior of drops to skid and endure. Such an active drop is portion of the dynamic coastal landscape and should therefore in rule be maintained as an incorporate portion of this landscape.ApplicabilityCliff stabilization can be applied at all reasonably exposed to open seashores ; nevertheless, in order to continue the dynamic coastal landscape drop stabilization should merely be used meagerly. Continuing the active drop at dumbly populated seashores is usually non executable due to the limited infinite. Consequently, cliff stabilization is usually merely used when there is sufficient infinite in the backland to let some smoothing.Repairing the coastline by constructionsDefinition of Breakwater:A construction dividing land and H2O countries. It is designed to forestall coastal eroding and other harm due to beckon action and storm rush, such as implosion therapy. Breakwaters are usually really monolithic constructions because they are designed to defy the full force of moving ridges and storm rush. In pattern, breakwaters and revetments are synonyms. Fig. 1. Examples of seawall constructions. A breakwater is constructed at the coastline, at the pes of possible drops or dunes. A breakwater is typically a aslant concrete construction ; it can be smooth, stepped-faced or curved-faced. A breakwater can besides be built as a rubble-mound construction, as a block breakwater, steel or wooden construction. The common feature is that the construction is designed to defy terrible beckon action and storm rush. A rubble-mound revetment frequently protects the pes of such non-flexible breakwaters. A rubble-mound breakwater bears a great similarity to a rubble-mound revetment ; nevertheless a revetment is frequently used as a addendum to a breakwater or as a stand-alone construction at less open locations. An open butch, which has been strengthened to defy wave action, is sometimes referred to as a breakwater.Functional featureThe about perpendicular breakwater, which was chiefly used in the yesteryear, had the unfortunate map of reflecting some of the moving ridge energy, whereby the eroding was aggravated, ensuing in accelerated disappearing of the beach. However, all sorts of breakwaters involve beach debasement as they are used at locations where the seashore is exposed to eroding. The breakwater will repair the location of the coastline, but it will non collar the on-going eroding in the coastal profile. On the contrary, it will to a varying grade, accelerate the eroding. It is rather normal that the beach disappears in forepart of a breakwater, and it will most frequently be necessary, after some old ages, to beef up the pes of the breakwater with a rubble revetment. A breakwater will diminish the release of deposits from the subdivision it protects and will hold a negative impact on the sediment budget along next shorelines.ApplicabilityA breakwater is a inactive construction, which protects the seashore against eroding and implosion therapy. Breakwaters were ( are ) frequently used at locations off exposed metropolis foreparts, where good protection was needed and where infinite was scarce. Promenades have frequently been constructed on top of these breakwaters. They are besides used along other less inhabited seashores, where combined seashore protection and sea defense mechanism is desperately needed. Breakwaters are chiefly used at open seashores, but they are besides used at reasonably open seashores.Definition of Revetment:A revetment is a facing of rock, concrete units or slabs, etc. , built to protect a scarp, the pes of a drop or a dune, a butch or a breakwater against eroding by wave action, storm rush and currents. This definition is really similar to the definition of a breakwater, nevertheless a revetment does non protect against deluging. Furthermore, a revetment is frequently a addendum to other types of protection such as breakwaters and butchs.Emergency ProtectionFrom Coastal WikiJump to: pilotage, hunt The undermentioned article discusses exigency protection of seashores. Emergency protection steps are by nature rapidly built and non good designed steps.MethodTypical edifice methods and stuffs are the undermentioned: Rock dumping. Without filter beds, frequently excessively steep and low, without proper toe protection, which means that they are unstable Sand sacking, sometimes supported by wooden hemorrhoids. Often excessively low and without toe protection etc. The cloth is non lasting, which means that such protection will fall in after a really short period Dumping of other sorts of material easy at manus, such as different sorts of concrete pieces, edifice stuffs, old tyres etc.Functional featuresEmergency protection steps are typically holding the undermentioned features: They are unstable and therefore non supplying proper protection They need changeless care and supply of new stuffs They are ever inactive, and promotes farther loss of beach They are botching the natural beauty of the beach They prevent transition of the beach They pollute the beach with unnatural elements, such concrete dust, bricks, gum elastic and plasticApplicabilityPrivate and public land proprietors are sometimes forced to â€Å" build † exigency protection at locations where â€Å" unexpected † eroding occurs. The exigency protection is installed in order to forestall farther harm to coastal installings. â€Å" Unexpected † can hold different causes as discussed in the followers: Unexpected can be in the signifier of a rare of utmost event, such as a tidal moving ridge state of affairs or the transition of cyclone Unexpected can be the development of ongoing eroding at locations where it has non been possible to supply financess for a proper and timely protection Unexpected can be due to miss of cognition to coastal procedures and/or informations, whereby eroding seems to be unexpected despite the fact that it could hold been foreseen if proper monitoring and coastal probes had been practised Emergency protection can to a great extent be avoided by proper monitoring, shaving and support.Definition of Bulkhead:A bulkhead is a construction or divider used to retain or forestall sliding of the land. A secondary intent is to protect the seashore against harm from wave action.

A Life Of Her Own - 998 Words

World War I changed the landscape of Europe, particularly France, like no war had ever before. The memoir, A Life of Her Own, depicts the experiences of Emilie Carles, a politically active French women. The memoir depicts the country’s history throughout, not only World War I, but most of the 20th century. Carles brother, Joseph, was caught in a German Prisoner of War camp for a good portion of the war. While there, he would write to the Carles and documented the horrors of war. The article A Republic of Letters: The Epistolary Tradition in France during World War I accurately demonstrates the letters exchanged between Joseph and his family throughout the duration of the war. The French economy needed an influx of workers to cope with the departure of abled bodied men while the war took place. For example, The Carles had to sacrifice any leisure time they had to deal with losing another worker on the family farm. These workers were replaced by immigrants. The impact of these new laborers is documented in Workers in France during World War I. The story of Emilie Carles and her family was just one of many examples of families that were dismantled emotionally and economically due to World War I. The start of the 20th century was marked by a strong sense of nationalism in many European powers. This shared patriotism, was evoked by many governments to gain support about becoming a part in World War I. Many people bought into this sense of belonging and sought to fight forShow MoreRelatedAnne Bradstreet and Ralph Waldo Emerson600 Words   |  3 PagesEngland. During her lifetime event, her writing style is very basic with very detail information and unmaintained of the life natural. Also she used the advance vocab to apply into the book for average people to make sense in her own book she made. During her life event, her family journey to the America for reason of setting up of the puritans own colonies from other colonies countries. 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